The claim for groundwater remediation is entirely specious. In the s and s, Texaco wanted to develop the oil concession without building an extensive road network. Texaco wanted to use helicopters for logistics. However, from the outset, the Ecuadorean government insisted that Texaco build roads. The entire footprint of former Texaco operations in Ecuador totals under 44 square kilometers — including 37 square kilometers of government-mandated roads.
Cabrera has turned these roads and oil pits into some of the most valuable real estate in all of South America. According to Ecuadorean government mortality statistics, the cancer death rate in the area of former Texaco operations is lower than the national average. Unjust enrichment? Texaco operated in Ecuador for about 25 years to , with the last 13 years under progressive nationalization.
Cabrera includes a slew of other assessments against Chevron, none of which have any legal basis. This is despite the fact that Petroecuador started nationalizing Texaco operations in , and completed the process in But Cabrera recommends that Chevron buy Petroecuador an entirely new set of infrastructure.
The Cabrera report is a travesty, displaying unvarnished bias against Chevron. Clearly, Cabrera is deep in the tank with the plaintiffs. Please let us know if you're having issues with commenting. It came down to control: In the wake of their own persecution, this God-fearing, patriarchal society was determined to preserve its way of life and belief system at any cost. When questioned, the girls accused three women for causing their afflictions: Sarah Good a middle-aged beggar woman , Tituba an Indigenous Caribbean woman who was a slave in the Parris household , and Sarah Osborne a widowed elderly woman.
She also confessed to riding on sticks with the children. For starters, contemporary iterations do not typically involve a devil figure in the Christian sense. It evolved within Christianity, within Catholicism early on," she adds. In the 17th century, it was believed the Devil could give witches — read: women — supernatural or spiritual powers in exchange for their service and loyalty.
In essence, this was a genuinely dangerous moral panic that mixed class, religion, gender, and fantastical imaginings. The first to be convicted was Bridget Bishop, a year-old woman who was hanged in June on what later became known as Gallows Hill. Five others were executed a month later. Contrary to widespread misbelief, the victims were not burned at the stake — they were either hanged, tortured, or died in prison.
Giles Corey , a year-old man, refused to enter either a guilty or innocent plea to the court; as a punishment, heavy stones were pressed against him until he perished. The people who settled Massachusetts came with such high, idealistic, unattainable expectations of what life would be like and the godly community they would build," Baker says. As it turns out, witch hunts were nothing new. The Salem trials, tragic though they were, pale in comparison to what happened elsewhere.
In some witch hunts, 1, to 2, people died over a period of a couple years. You also have the invention of the printing press, which allowed treatises on witches, the Devil, and supernatural evil to spread more widely. By the time the incident in Salem occurred, you had centuries of myths, folktales, and historical records linking the demonic figure of the witch with women and femininity.
So the woman-as-witch mythos was deeply entrenched in Western culture by In , an article by psychologist Linnda Caporael published in Science suggested the delusions were possibly brought on by ergot poisoning from contaminated rye bread, which can cause hallucinations, convulsions, and delirium.
The condition used to be common, according to Caporael. Witch hunts have never simply been about men in power versus powerless women — the gender politics are much more complicated.
0コメント